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Fri, 06 May 2011 21:18:09 GMT
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During the Early Modern period (approximately late 1400s to 1800), the universities of Europe would see a tremendous amount of growth, productivity and innovative research. At the end of the Middle Ages, about 400 years after the first university was founded, there were twenty-nine universities spread throughout Europe. In the 15th century, twenty-eight new ones were created, with another eighteen added between 1500 and 1625.http://trulyace.com/images/univer1/map-7.html This pace continued until by the end of the 18th century there were approximately 143 universities in Europe and Eastern Europe, with the highest concentrations in the German Empire (34), Italian countries (26), France (25), and Spain (23) this was close to a 500% increase over the number of universities toward the end of the Middle Ages. This number does not include the numerous universities that disappeared, or institutions that merged with other universities during this time.http://trulyace.com/images/univer1/map-6.html It should be noted that the identification of a university was not necessarily obvious during http://trulyace.com/images/univer1/map-5.html the Early Modern period, as the term is applied to a burgeoning number of institutions. In fact, the term university was not always used to designate a higher education institution. In Mediterranean countries, the term studium generale was still often used, while Academy was common in Northern European countries.http://trulyace.com/images/univer1/map-4.html
The propagation of universities was not necessarily a steady progression, as the seventeenth century was rife with events that adversely http://trulyace.com/images/univer1/map-3.html effected university expansion. Many wars, and especially the Thirty Years War, disrupted the university landscape throughout Europe at different times. War, plague, famine, regicide, and changes in religious power and http://trulyace.com/images/univer1/map-2.html structure often adversely affected the societies that provided support for universities. Internal strife within the universities themselves, http://trulyace.com/images/univer1/map-1.html such as student brawling and absentee professors, acted to destabilize these institutions as well. Universities were also reticent to give up older curriculums, and the continued reliance on the works of Aristotle defied contemporary advancements in science and the arts.http://earthonn.com/images/univer1/map-7.html This era was also affected by the rise of the nation-state. As universities increasingly came under state control, or formed under the auspices http://earthonn.com/images/univer1/map-6.html of the state, the faculty governance model (begun by the University of Paris) became more and more prominent. Although the older student-controlled universities still existed, they slowly started to move http://earthonn.com/images/univer1/map-5.html toward this structural organization. Control of universities still tended to be independent, although university leadership was increasingly appointed by the state.
Fri, 06 May 2011 20:53:36 GMT
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By the 18th century, http://earthonn.com/images/univer1/map-4.html universities published their own research journals and by the 19th century, the German and the French university models http://earthonn.com/images/univer1/map-3.html
had arisen. The German, or Humboldtian model, was conceived by Wilhelm von Humboldt and based on Friedrich Schleiermachers liberal ideas pertaining to the importance of freedom, seminars, and laboratories http://earthonn.com/images/univer1/map-2.html in universities.[citation needed] The French university model involved strict discipline and control over every aspect of the university.
Until the 19th century, religion played a significant role in university curriculum; however, the role of religion in research universities decreased in the 19th century, and by the end of the 19th century, the German university model had spread around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th centuries and became increasingly accessible to the masses. In Britain the move from industrial revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic universities with an emphasis on science and engineering, a movement initiated in 1960 by Sir Keith Murray (chairman of the University Grants Committee) and Sir Samuel Curran, with the formation of the University of Strathclyde.[47] The http://earthonn.com/images/univer1/map-1.html British also established universities worldwide, and higher education became available to the http://mookiedoodledesigns.com/images/univer1/map-7.html masses not only in Europe. In a general sense, the basic structure and aims of universities have remained constant over the years.[48]
In 1963, the Robbins Report on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that http://mookiedoodledesigns.com/images/univer1/map-3.html such institutions should have four main "objectives essential to any properly balanced system: instruction in skills; the promotion of the general http://mookiedoodledesigns.com/images/univer1/map-1.html powers of the mind so http://mookiedoodledesigns.com/images/univer1/map-4.html as to produce not mere specialists but rather cultivated men and women; to maintain research in balance with teaching, http://mookiedoodledesigns.com/images/univer1/map-5.html since teaching should not be separated http://mookiedoodledesigns.com/images/univer1/map-2.html from the advancement http://mookiedoodledesigns.com/images/univer1/map-6.html of learning and the search for truth; and to transmit a common culture and common standards of citizenship."[49]
Fri, 06 May 2011 19:07:13 GMT
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The definition of a university varies widely even within some countries. http://heltonindustries.com/images/univer1/index.html For example, there is no nationally standardized definition of the term in the United States although the term has traditionally been used to designate research institutions and was once reserved for research doctorate-granting institutions.[51] Some states, such as Massachusetts, will only grant a school "university status" if it grants at least two doctoral degrees. http://mookiedoodledesigns.com/images/univer1/index.html In the United Kingdom, an institution can only use the term if it has been granted by the Privy Council, under the terms of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. In India, a new tag deemed universities was created a few years ago, by the cabinet minister Arjun Singh during his tenure as the Minister for Human Resource Development. Through this provision many universities sprung up in India, which are commercial in nature and have been established just to exploit the demand of higher education